Two lines of defense in the pupas of ichneumonid wasp parasitoids associated with spider hosts

Insects in the pupal stage are vulnerable to various predators because pupa is immobile. The pupas of parasitoid ichneumonid wasps (Ichneumonidae) associated with spider hosts have evolved two lines defense against predators, namely a cocoon spun by larva and web provided host. derived from normal or modified built under manipulation penultimate instar wasp. In laboratory experiments, we tested efficacy these defensive using six potential different types mouthparts coming three foraging guilds. presence significantly reduced predation. Scavengers chewing mouthparts, e.g., cockroaches crickets, attacked consumed within both sparse strong walls. piercing were able attack cocoons wall, but not wall. Collectors true showed no interest cocoons. increased protection up 80% when was on ground 95% air. Only scavengers reach consume sheltered web. We provide first evidence how contribute during stage.